A - Z Linux Commands. There are a countless number of commands in Linux. We are bound to use a number of them on a daily routine or numerous times to perform common tasks than others. It is important to note that certain commands are “distro- based” – they can only be found in specific distros.
While others are generic Unix/Linux commands that you’ll find in all if not most mainstream distros. In this article, we will introduce you a list of most frequently used Linux commands with their examples for easy learning.
The focus of this guide and future articles is to help individuals become more familiar with Kali Linux and several of the tools available within the. Main distributions: The first table lists package management tasks in the four most popular distribution groups - Debian (including Ubuntu, Linux Mint, elementary OS. Don't be scared by the length of this page! Only portions of this page apply to any given user, and most people can install rEFInd from an RPM or Debian package in a. PlayOnLinux provides a point-and-click interface to automatically install and tweak Windows software on Linux. It’s like a package manager — but for Windows games.
You can find the actual description of each Linux command in their manual page which you can access like this: $ man command- name. Command. The adduser and addgroup commands are used to add a user and group to the system respectively according to the default configuration specified in /etc/adduser.
Once it detects a connection, it opens a tty port, asks for a user’s login name and calls up the /bin/login command. Agetty is a substitute of Linux getty: $ agetty - L 9. S1 vt. 10. 0. alias Commandalias is a useful shell built- in command for creating aliases (shortcut) to a Linux command on a system.
It is helpful for creating new/custom commands from existing Shell/Linux commands (including options): $ alias home='cd /home/tecmint/public. It is used to install new software packages, remove available software packages, upgrade existing software packages as well as upgrade entire operating system. Like apt- get and apt; it can be used to install, remove or upgrade software packages on a system. It’s an alternative to cron and anacron, however, it runs a task once at a given future time without editing any config files: For example, to shutdown the system at 2. Provide the new group name as its first argument and the name of file as the second argument like this: $ chgrp tecmint users. Commandchmod command is used to change/update file access permissions like this. It can strip headers, extracting parts of binary files and so on.
The example below shows creating a boot- able USB device: $ dd if=/home/tecmint/kali- linux- 1. M; sync. df Commanddf command is used to show file system disk space usage as follows. It can also be used to find the difference between two directories in Linux like this: $ diff file. Some useful diff tools for Linux: 8 Best File Comparison and Difference (Diff) Tools for Linuxdir Commanddir command works like Linux ls command, it lists the contents of a directory.
It dumps a computer’s DMI (a. SMBIOS) table contents in a human- readable format for easy retrieval. To view your system hardware info, you can type: $ sudo dmidecode - -type system. Some useful tools to find out Linux system hardware info: 1.
Useful Commands to Get Linux Hardware Informationdu Commanddu command is used to show disk space usage of files present in a directory as well as its sub- directories as follows. It searches for files by attributes such as permissions, users, groups, file type, date, size and other possible criteria. Use the - h option to display output in human friendly format. It is used to print or modify the system hostname and any related settings: $ hostnamectl. NEW. It is used to configure, view and control network interfaces.
It produces useful reports for updating system configurations to help balance the input/output load between physical disks. It also works as a replacement for well known ifconfig command. This command will assign an IP address to a specific interface (eth.
The command below enables you to get detailed information about the wlp. To list all currently loaded modules, type. The locate utility works better and faster than it’s find counterpart. The command below will search for a file by its exact name (not *name*): $ locate - b '\domain- list. Commandlogin command is used to create a new session with the system.
You’ll be asked to provide a username and a password to login as below. It works more or less like dir command. The - l option enables long listing format like this. Files can be of any type, including regular files, directories, block special files, character special files, executing text reference, libraries, and stream/network files. To view files opened by a specific user’s processes, type the command below. If run without arguments, debsums checks every file on your system against the stock md. Commandmkdir command is used to create single or more directories, if they do not already exist (this can be overridden with the - p option).
It also moves a file or directory to another location in the directory structure. It can handle both IPv. IPv. 6 for opening TCP connections, sending UDP packets, listening on arbitrary TCP and UDP ports, performing port scanning. The command below will help us see if the port 2. It runs specified command with an adjusted niceness. When run without any command specified, it prints the current niceness.
The following command starts the process “tar command” setting the “nice” value to 1. It was intended to quickly scan large networks, but it also works fine against single hosts. The command below will probe open ports on all live hosts on the specified network. It’s output may be less than the number of online processors on a system.
The command below will create an archive of all files in the current directory and encrypt the contents of the archive file: $ tar - czf - * . Note that normal system users may only change the password of their own account, while root may modify the password for any account. The example below shows the top running processes by highest memory and CPU usage.# ps - eo pid,ppid,cmd,%mem,%cpu - -sort=- %mem . It works on any POSIX operating system such as Linux, Mac OS X. Note that for remote backups, you must install the same version of rdiff- backup on both the local and remote machines. Below is an example of a local backup command: $ sudo rdiff- backup /etc /media/tecmint/Backup/server. If you’ve a collection of files with “. Install New Hard Disk In Imac G3.
It may be used to halt, power- off or reboot the machine like this. It is designed to offer a secure encrypted communications between two untrusted hosts over an insecure network such as the Internet. Note that when su is invoked without a username, it defaults to becoming root.
It simply prints each file to standard output, showing last line first. Use it as follow (specify more lines to display using - n option). To talk to a user on the same machine, use their login name, however, to talk to a user on another machine use .
To indicate the number of occurrences of a line, use the - c option. It can be used to edit all kinds of plain text and program files. It can also be used to watch changes to a file/directory. The example below shows how to watch the contents of a directory change. It is used to quickly and interactively cd into a previously accessed directory by selecting the directory number from the first field as follows.
As we mentioned before, there are a countless number of commands in Linux. The list is possibly longer than we can offer. Use the feedback form below to share any useful and frequently used commands missing in this list.